Cryotherapy is one kind of tissue ablation technique - it irreversibly destroys prostate tissue, both healthy and cancerous. Other kinds of ablation techniques include High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), Irreversible Electroporation (IRE), Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), and Focal Laser Ablation (FLA). There have been small clinical trials of a few types of salvage focal ablation.
Focal Cryotherapy
Abreu et al. compared outcomes of 25 patients who had hemi-gland cryotherapy to 25 patients who had whole gland cryotherapy between 2003 and 2010.
- 5-year biochemical failure free rate was 54% in the hemi-gland group and 86% in the whole gland group.
- New incontinence afflicted none of the hemi-gland group and 13% of the whole gland group.
- Potency preservation occurred in 2 of 7 in the hemi-gland group, but none of the whole gland group
- Fistula occurred in none of the hemi-gland group and in one patient in the whole gland group.
- 3-year biochemical disease-free survival was 72%
- 5-year biochemical disease-free survival was 47%
- 4 of 14 patients (29%) had positive biopsies
- 3 patients (3%) suffered a fistula
- 6 patients (7%) suffered urinary retention
- 5 patients (6%) suffered incontinence requiring pads
- Half of previously potent patients were able to have intercourse.
- 5-year disease-free survival was 47%
- 10-year disease-free survival was 42%
Focal HIFU
The Ahmed/Emberton group in the UK reported the outcomes 150 radio-recurrent men treated with focal HIFU between 2006 and 2015.
- 3-year biochemical failure free survival was 48%
- 100% for low risk patients
- 61% for intermediate risk patients
- 32% for high risk patients
- 3-year composite endpoint-free survival was 40% (endpoints= PSA recurrence+positive imaging+positive biopsy+systemic therapy+metastasis detected+death from prostate cancer)
- 100% for low risk patients
- 49% for intermediate risk patients
- 24% for high risk patients
- Complications included:
- urinary tract infection in 11%
- bladder neck stricture in 8%
- fistula in 2%
- inflammation around the pubic bone in 1 patient
- They did not report potency preservation
IRE or NanoKnife has gained interest because it is less of a thermal-type ablation than cryotherapy or HIFU. (See this link and this one for recent reports on its use as a primary therapy.) It is not FDA-approved for use in the US, so its use is limited to clinical trials. An Australian group working under Phillip Stricker, conducted a pilot test on 18 radio-recurrent patients.
With median 21 month follow-up, Scheltema et al. reported:
- 85% (11 of 13 patients) had mpMRI-undetectable cancer in the ablation zone
- 1 had an out-of-field recurrence
- 1 had a false-positive out-of-field recurrence
- Biochemical failure-free survival (bFFS) was 83% using the nadir+2 definition and 78% using the nadir+1.2 definition.
- 80% had biopsy-proven no evidence of disease on follow-up
- Incontinence requiring pads was suffered by 27%
- Potency preservation was reported by 33% (2 of 6 patients)
For comparison, it is useful to note the outcomes of salvage surgery in radio-recurrent patients. In a recent meta-analysis, Matei et al. show that the 5-year biochemical recurrence free survival is about 50%. Incontinence rates among patients of surgeons who reported on 25 or more salvage surgeries was 47%. Erectile dysfunction was most often 100% (range 72-100%). Other serious complications included anastomotic stricture (closing off of the urethra where it was re-joined) in 18%, and rectal injury in 7%.
Salvage surgery sets a low bar.
Salvage Whole Gland Ablation
As another point of comparison, we can briefly look at the outcomes of salvage whole gland ablation. In two meta-analyses, Mouraviev et al. and Finley and Belldegrun looked at outcomes of salvage whole gland cryoablation. Focusing on the most recent trials, which used the most recent technology, biochemical failure-free rates ranged from 50% to 74%. In the study with the longest follow-up, Chin et al. reported biochemical failure free rates of 34% at 10 years and 23% at 15 years. Using up-to-date techniques, incontinence rates average 22% and impotence was mostly in the 60-80% range.
Crouzet et al. reported on 418 radio-recurrent patients treated with salvage HIFU from 1995-2009.
The 5-year biochemical failure-free survival was 58%, 51% and 36% for patients who were low-, intermediate-, and high-risk, respectively, before their primary treatment. 42% suffered incontinence requiring pad use, 8% required an artificial urinary sphincter, 18% suffered bladder outlet obstruction or stenosis, 2% suffered a fistula, and 2% suffered pubic bone osteitis. They did not evaluate erectile function, but in primary whole-gland HIFU treatment, about 60% of previously potent men had diminished potency after treatment. We would expect further loss of erectile function after salvage treatment.
Importance of Imaging
Good imaging is critical to the success of any salvage therapy after radiation failure. A full body PET scan with CT or MRI must be used to rule out distant metastases. The newly approved Axumin PET scan, now becoming widely available, has good detection rates (89%) when PSA is above 2.0 ng/ml, as it is at the time of a biochemical recurrence after primary radiotherapy. The biochemical failure-free survival (bFFS) numbers are sure to improve over time due to better selection of salvageable cases.
The other use of imaging is to detect the site of recurrence within the prostate. This may be followed with a multiparametric MRI-targeted biopsy or a template-mapping biopsy to precisely localize the cancer for focal ablation.
Caveats
It is only since multiparametric MRIs and better PET scans became prevalent that researchers realized that up to half of post-radiation recurrences are local (see this link). Therefore, it is relatively recently that investigators started to explore salvage therapies beyond salvage surgery and salvage cryoablation. Consequently, the sample size and the length of follow-up in many clinical trials is too small to draw reliable conclusions. The Chin et al. study demonstrates that treatment failures may not show up for 15 years. Whether those late failures are due to occult metastases or incomplete salvage ablation in that early trial is unknown.
We do not yet have a consensus on how to measure success. Researchers often use the Phoenix criterion (nadir+2) that was developed for external beam radiation. Some argue that the Stuttgart criterion (nadir + 1.2) which was developed for primary ablation therapy is a better measure. Because nadir PSA of 0.5 or less after radiotherapy is prognostic for long-term success, many look for that benchmark. Certainly, follow-up mpMRI and targeted biopsy are prudent steps to take 2 years after salvage ablation. However, it is necessary to have a radiologist and pathologist who are practiced at reading an mpMRI and biopsy, respectively, after both radiotherapy and ablation. There are few in the US who meet that qualification.
Another caveat is technological evolution and the learning curve. Cryotherapy is now using third-generation machines that are increasingly precise at forming "ice balls" while protecting nearby healthy tissue. HIFU is in its second generation, and IRE is relatively new. As technologies evolve and as practitioners gain more experience, we expect to see more complete ablation of the cancer and more sparing of the bladder and neurovascular bundles. Studies with longer follow-up may have used machines that are now obsolete. Studies with short follow-up may reflect practitioners on the beginning of their learning curve.
Focal ablation as primary therapy often (20-30% of the time) requires "re-dos." The retreatment may be necessitated by incomplete ablation within the ablation zone or missed bits of recurrent cancer outside of the ablation zone. Multiple treatments undoubtedly add to cost and toxicity. Follow-up is too short for most studies to know what the eventual "re-do" rate will be.
Summary Table
Below is a table showing some oncological and toxicity outcomes for select studies of various salvage therapies after primary radiation failure. It is meant to be illustrative only - patient selection varied widely. My main purpose is to help patients understand the wide range of salvage therapies, other than salvage surgery and salvage whole gland cryotherapy, that are now becoming available to them.
Length of follow-up
|
Number in trial
|
bFFS
|
Grade 3 or 4 urinary toxicity
|
Impotence
|
Reference
| |
SBRT (whole gland)
|
2 years
|
29
|
82%
|
6%
|
60%
| |
HDR brachy (whole gland)
|
3 years
|
61
|
60%
|
2%
|
NA
| |
LDR brachy (whole gland)
|
3 years
|
37
|
60%
|
NA
|
NA
| |
LDR brachy after LDR brachy (focal)
|
3 years
|
15
|
73%
|
none
|
13%
| |
HDR brachy
(focal)
|
3 years
|
15
|
61%
|
7%
|
NA
| |
Cryo (focal)
|
5 years
|
91
|
47%
|
16%
|
50%
| |
HIFU (focal)
|
3 years
|
150
|
48%
|
NA
|
NA
| |
IRE (focal)
|
21 months
|
18
|
83%
|
27%
|
67%
| |
Surgery
|
50 months average
|
1407 (32-404 in each)
|
~50%
|
65%
|
72%-100%
| |
Cryo (whole gland)
|
45 months average
|
1385 (12-121 in each)
|
50%-74%
|
22%
|
60%-80%
| |
HIFU (whole gland)
|
5 years
|
418
|
58% LR
51% IR
36% HR
|
62%
|
> 60%
|
Previous articles on the subject of salvage after primary radiation:
Local recurrence (Mayo)
Local recurrence (MSK)
Salvage SBRT
Salvage HDRBT and LDRBT
Salvage LDRBT after LDRBT
Salvage whole gland cryo
